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In the last episode (read here), we arrived at Einstein’s dilemma.
Either:
Nature allows instantaneous nonlocal influence, (spooky action at a distance)
or
Quantum mechanics is incomplete, and hidden variables determine outcomes in advance.
For 29 years, this remained a philosophical debate. The first possibility — that distant objects could be correlated instantaneously — seemed almost impossible to accept. Yet no one knew which of these options was actually correct. Einstein believed the first option must be wrong and bet that the second one, hidden variables, was the true explanation.
Then, in 1964, a scientist named John Stuart Bell came up with an idea to determine which of these possibilities actually occurs in nature. Einstein and Bohr had debated the issue extensively, but neither of them had proposed a concrete way to test whether entanglement — or long-distance correlations — were even possible.
Bell’s genius was that he solved this problem in an incredibly simple and elegant way — far simpler than anyone had imagined.
He invented a simple game that could experimentally decide between the two views.
